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:''This article has been written in 2007/08 and has last been updated, concerning access data, in 2011. Please feel free to further update it.'' Drinking water supply and sanitation in Benin has been subject to considerable progress since the 1990s, in particular in rural areas, where coverage is higher than in many other African countries,〔 〕 and almost all development partners follow a national demand-responsive strategy, which has been adopted in 1992.〔, p. 106〕 New strategies to increase water supply in rural and urban areas have been adopted in 2005 and 2006.〔, p. 12-13〕 Tariffs in urban and rural areas are usually high enough to cover the costs for operation and maintenance.〔〔 However, challenges remain. A coherent institutional framework has been developed for rural areas and projects have been implemented with strong help by external donors. Responsibilities in water supply have been defined in a national strategy in 2007 and the national utility SONEB receives significant support in terms of investment and technical assistance.〔 Sanitation receives less attention. Wastewater treatment hardly exists.〔, p. 21〕 In order to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) concerning water and sanitation, the Ministry of Economic and Financial Development estimates that US$80 million and US$22 million, respectively are needed per year from 2006 to 2015.〔, p. 17-18〕〔, p. 24〕〔1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com〕 For the sake of comparison, less than US$ 10m per year have been invested in water supply and sanitation in rural areas where 55% of the population of Benin lives. No figures are available on actual investments in urban areas. Most likely, investments would have to increase manifold in order to reach the MDGs. == Access == According to the Joint Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, three quarters of the Beninese population had access to an improved water source in 2008, whereas 12% had access to improved sanitation. The share rose from 63% concerning water and from 5% concerning sanitation in 1990. Coverage in urban areas is considerably higher than in rural areas.〔 Significant differences in water supply coverage were found among regions. The situation depends on the accessibility to ground water, the geographic orientation of donor investment programs and the effective demand of the inhabitants of a community or region.〔, p. 113〕 In urban areas, lack of access to safe water is mostly concentrated in the outskirts of cities.〔, p. 52〕 The national government uses another definition of access,〔In rural and semi-urban areas, the water supply coverage rate represents the share of population covered by water supply points, which serve up to 250 inhabitants on the basis of 20 liters per day and capita (l/p/d) at a distance of not more than 500 meters from the place of consumption. The following sources are recognized as water points: *A borehole equipped with a hand pump corresponds to one water point *A modern well corresponds to one water point *A public stand post in a rural water supply scheme corresponds to two water points *An autonomouos water stand post (''Poste d'Eau Autonome'') corresponds to four water points In urban and peri-urban areas, access is defined as connection to the urban water supply network. One connection provides water to on average twelve persons (two households with six persons per household). Source: , p. 15-16〕 under which water supply coverage was 50% in urban and peri-urban areas and 41% in rural and semi-urban areas in 2005. The annual water sector review for the financial year 2009 indicated 55,1% access for rural and 57% for urban areas.〔Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011〕 In order to reach the MDGs, the national government's strategy is to increase coverage to 75% in urban and peri-urban areas and 67.5% in rural and semi-urban areas by 2015.〔, p. 5〕 Concerning sanitation, the Ministry of Economic and Financial Development reported that in 2003 67% of the population did not have adequate facilities for the disposal of excrements.〔, p. 9〕 The annual sector review indicated an access of households to sanitation facilities of 39,4% and 71,6%, of school children, in 2009.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Water supply and sanitation in Benin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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